(The Pope endorsing Donald Trump was one of the more prominent examples.) presidential election in reference to pieces with no factual grounding that attempted to pass as legitimate news items. Lastly, there’s news fabrication, the definition of fake news which swirled prominently around the 2016 U.S. So are manipulations of real photos or videos to create a false narrative (such as the animated gif of Parkland shooting survivor Emma Gonzalez tearing up the Constitution, when in reality she was tearing up a gun-target poster).Ĭontent generated by advertising or public relations teams that appear as though it has been generated by news outlets also falls under the umbrella. Propaganda created by the state to influence public perceptions is another form of fake news. There’s news parody, like The Onion, which differs from satire in that platforms create made-up stories for comedic purposes. There’s news satire, which applies to how programs like The Daily Show use humor to contextualize and mock real-world events. Most of them you’ve probably seen examples of on your social media feeds. ![]() In a 2017 paper published in the journal Digital Journalism, researchers at Singapore's Nanyang Technological University came up with six distinct definitions of fake news after examining 34 academic articles that studied the term between 20 in the context of the United States, as well as Australia, China and Italy. But what we’re talking about when we talk about fake news requires some clarification. Copeland in The Idea of a Free Press: The Enlightenment and Its Unruly Legacy.įake news, as it turns out, is no recent phenomenon. Going back as early as the 1640s, partisan tones in broadsides and pamphlets published in England and colonial America were “setting precedents for what would become common practice in 18th-century,” writes historian David A. “It’s important to look back and see how these same concerns and issues have been raised at many points throughout history.” “A lot of things we talk about today we talk about as unprecedented,” says Carter. Historian Katlyn Carter drew attention to Adams’ private note at the American Historical Association’s annual meeting during a panel concerning Early America and fake news. Adams’ marginal response reminds us that when something like truth is up for debate, the door is open for bad-faith actors (the partisan press in his view) to promulgate falsehoods-something that a reader today might call “fake news.” ![]() ![]() and German printer Johannes Gutenberg developed a method of movable metal type in the mid-1400s, it took until the Enlightenment for the free press as we know it today to be born.Ĭondorcet’s 1795 text expanded upon the belief that a press free from censorship would circulate an open debate of ideas, with rationality and truth winning out. While Chinese monks were block printing the Diamond Sutra as early as 868 A.D. Were he to have written the sentiment in 2018, and not at the turn of the 19th century, it’s easy to imagine that at just 112 characters, he might have tweeted it, instead. “There has been more new error propagated by the press in the last ten years than in an hundred years before 1798,” he wrote at the time. Writing in the section where the French philosopher predicted that a free press would advance knowledge and create a more informed public, Adams scoffed. In the margins of his copy of Condorcet’s treatise Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind, President John Adams scribbled a cutting note.
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